What is the principle behind a photovoltaic cell?

The principle behind a photovoltaic cell is that it converts light energy directly into electrical energy. This process is primarily based on the photovoltaic effect, which occurs when light photons strike the surface of a semiconductor material, usually silicon. When these photons are absorbed, they transfer their energy to electrons, exciting them and allowing them to flow freely. This movement of electrons generates electricity, which can then be harnessed for various applications.

In essence, photovoltaic cells are a key component in solar energy systems, as they directly utilize sunlight to produce electrical power without any moving parts or the need for fuel combustion, making them a clean and renewable energy source. This principle underlies the widespread use of solar panels in residential and commercial energy solutions.