What is the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?

The distinction between a microcontroller and a microprocessor lies in their architecture and functionality. A microcontroller integrates a processor, memory (both RAM and ROM), and input/output peripherals on a single chip, making it a compact solution for controlling devices. This self-contained nature allows microcontrollers to carry out specific tasks efficiently and with minimal external components, which is particularly advantageous in embedded systems.

Microprocessors, on the other hand, typically focus solely on processing data and require external components like memory and input/output devices to function. This means that microprocessors are often used in more complex applications that demand higher computational power, while microcontrollers are ideal for simpler control applications where size and power consumption are critical.

Understanding this architecture helps clarify that microcontrollers are specifically designed for embedded applications where managing inputs and outputs alongside processing tasks on a single chip is essential.